FictionEro - Data Cleaning

Data Preparation

library(tidyverse)
library(easystats)
library(patchwork)
library(ggside)

df <- read.csv("../data/rawdata_participants.csv") |> 
  mutate(across(everything(), ~ifelse(.x == "", NA, .x))) |>
  mutate(Experimenter = case_when(
    Language=="English" & Experimenter == "reddit7" ~ "Reddit (other)",
    Language=="English" & Experimenter == "reddit8" ~ "Reddit (other)",
    Language=="English" & Experimenter == "reddit1" ~ "Reddit (other)",
    .default = Experimenter
  ))

dftask <- read.csv("../data/rawdata_task.csv") |> 
  full_join(
    df[c("Participant", "Sex", "SexualOrientation")],
    by = join_by(Participant)
    )

The initial sample consisted of 416 participants (Mean age = 35.7, SD = 12.4, range: [18, 80]; Sex: 19.0% females, 79.8% males, 1.2% other; Education: Bachelor, 38.94%; Doctorate, 7.21%; High School, 23.80%; Master, 27.88%; Other, 1.44%; Primary School, 0.72%; Country: 28.37% USA, 13.94% France, 13.46% UK, 44.23% other).

Compute Scores

# Create Sexual "relevance" variable (Relevant, irrelevant, non-erotic)
dftask <- dftask |> 
  mutate(Relevance = case_when(
    Type == "Non-erotic" ~ "Non-erotic",
    Sex == "Male" & SexualOrientation == "Heterosexual" & Category == "Female" ~ "Relevant",
    Sex == "Female" & SexualOrientation == "Heterosexual" & Category == "Male" ~ "Relevant",
    Sex == "Male" & SexualOrientation == "Homosexual" & Category == "Male" ~ "Relevant",
    Sex == "Female" & SexualOrientation == "Homosexual" & Category == "Female" ~ "Relevant",
    # TODO: what to do with "Other"? 
    SexualOrientation %in% c("Bisexual", "Other") & Category %in% c("Male", "Female") ~ "Relevant",
    .default = "Irrelevant"
  )) 

Recruitment History

# Consecutive count of participants per day (as area)
df |>
  mutate(Date = as.Date(Date, format = "%d/%m/%Y")) |> 
  group_by(Date, Language, Experimenter) |> 
  summarize(N = n()) |> 
  ungroup() |>
  # https://bocoup.com/blog/padding-time-series-with-r
  complete(Date, Language, Experimenter, fill = list(N = 0)) |> 
  group_by(Language, Experimenter) |>
  mutate(N = cumsum(N)) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = Date, y = N)) +
  geom_area(aes(fill=Experimenter)) +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
  labs(
    title = "Recruitment History",
    x = "Date",
    y = "Total Number of Participants"
  ) +
  facet_wrap(~Language, nrow=3, scales = "free_y") +
  see::theme_modern() 

# Table
summarize(df, N = n(), .by=c("Language", "Experimenter")) |> 
  arrange(desc(N)) |> 
  gt::gt() |> 
  gt::opt_stylize() |> 
  gt::opt_interactive(use_compact_mode = TRUE) |> 
  gt::tab_header("Number of participants per recruitment source")

Number of participants per recruitment source

Feedback

Evaluation

The majority of participants found the study to be a “fun” experience. Interstingly, reports of “fun” were significantly associated with finding at least some stimuli arousing. Conversely, reporting “no feelings” was associated with finding the experiment “boring”.

Proportion

df |> 
  select(starts_with("Feedback"), -Feedback_Comments) |>
  pivot_longer(everything(), names_to = "Question", values_to = "Answer") |>
  group_by(Question, Answer) |> 
  summarise(prop = n()/nrow(df), .groups = 'drop') |> 
  complete(Question, Answer, fill = list(prop = 0)) |> 
  filter(Answer == "True") |> 
  mutate(Question = str_remove(Question, "Feedback_"),
         Question = str_replace(Question, "AILessArousing", "AI = Less arousing"),
         Question = str_replace(Question, "AIMoreArousing", "AI = More arousing"),
         Question = str_replace(Question, "CouldNotDiscriminate", "Hard to discriminate"),
         Question = str_replace(Question, "LabelsIncorrect", "Labels were incorrect"),
         Question = str_replace(Question, "NoFeels", "Didn't feel anything"),
         Question = str_replace(Question, "CouldDiscriminate", "Easy to discriminate"),
         Question = str_replace(Question, "LabelsReversed", "Labels were reversed")) |>
  mutate(Question = fct_reorder(Question, desc(prop))) |> 
  ggplot(aes(x = Question, y = prop)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0), breaks= scales::pretty_breaks(), labels=scales::percent) +
  labs(x="Feedback", y = "Participants", title = "Feedback") +
  theme_modern(axis.title.space = 15) +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2), face = "bold", hjust = 0),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = rel(1.2), vjust = 7),
    axis.text.y = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.text.x = element_text(size = rel(1.1), angle = 45, hjust = 1),
    axis.title.x = element_blank()
  )

Co-occurence

cor <- df |> 
  select(starts_with("Feedback"), -Feedback_Comments) |> 
  mutate_all(~ifelse(.=="True", 1, 0)) |> 
  correlation(method="tetrachoric", redundant = TRUE) |> 
  correlation::cor_sort() |> 
  correlation::cor_lower()

For i = 2 j = 1  A cell entry of 0 was replaced with correct =  0.5.  Check your data!
For i = 2 j = 1  A cell entry of 0 was replaced with correct =  0.5.  Check your data!

cor |> 
  mutate(val = paste0(insight::format_value(rho), format_p(p, stars_only=TRUE))) |>
  mutate(Parameter2 = fct_rev(Parameter2)) |>
  mutate(Parameter1 = fct_relabel(Parameter1, \(x) str_remove_all(x, "Feedback_")),
         Parameter2 = fct_relabel(Parameter2, \(x) str_remove_all(x, "Feedback_"))) |>
  ggplot(aes(x=Parameter1, y=Parameter2)) +
  geom_tile(aes(fill = rho), color = "white") +
  geom_text(aes(label = val), size = 3) +
  labs(title = "Feedback Co-occurence Matrix") +
  scale_fill_gradient2(
    low = "#2196F3",
    mid = "white",
    high = "#F44336",
    breaks = c(-1, 0, 1),
    guide = guide_colourbar(ticks=FALSE),
    midpoint = 0,
    na.value = "grey85",
    limit = c(-1, 1))  + 
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(legend.title = element_blank(),
        axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.title.y = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))

Comments

data.frame(Language = df$Language,
           Source = df$Experimenter,
           Comments = trimws(df$Feedback_Comments)) |> 
  filter(!Comments %in% c(NA, "No", "Nope", "nope", "None", "na", "n/a", "Non")) |> 
  arrange(Language, Source) |>
  gt::gt() |> 
  gt::opt_stylize() |> 
  gt::opt_interactive(use_compact_mode = TRUE) 

Exclusion

outliers <- c(
  # "S206"  # Collapsed RTs in both phases
  # "S399"  # Negative Arousal-Valence correlations
  )
potentials <- list()

Mobile

df |>
  ggplot(aes(x=Mobile, fill=Mobile)) +
  geom_bar() +
  geom_hline(yintercept=0.5*nrow(df), linetype="dashed") +
  theme_modern()

We removed 148 participants that participated with a mobile device.

df <- filter(df, Mobile == "False")
dftask <- filter(dftask, Participant %in% df$Participant)

Experiment Duration

The experiment’s median duration is 23.96 min (50% CI [18.39, 25.05]).

df |>
  mutate(Participant = fct_reorder(Participant, Experiment_Duration),
         Category = ifelse(Experiment_Duration > 60, "extra", "ok"),
         Duration = ifelse(Experiment_Duration > 60, 60, Experiment_Duration),
         Group = ifelse(Participant %in% outliers, "Outlier", "ok")) |>
  ggplot(aes(y = Participant, x = Duration)) +
  geom_point(aes(color = Group, shape = Category)) +
  geom_vline(xintercept = median(df$Experiment_Duration), color = "red", linetype = "dashed") +
  scale_shape_manual(values = c("extra" = 3, ok = 19)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("Outlier" = "red", ok = "black"), guide="none") +
  guides(color = "none", shape = "none") +
  ggside::geom_xsidedensity(fill = "#4CAF50", color=NA) +
  ggside::scale_xsidey_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
  labs(
    title = "Experiment Completion Time",
    x = "Duration (in minutes)",
    y = "Participant"
  )  +
  theme_bw() +
  ggside::theme_ggside_void() +
  theme(ggside.panel.scale = .3,
        panel.border = element_blank(),
        axis.text.y = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks.y = element_blank())

potentials$expe_duration <- arrange(df, Experiment_Duration) |>
  select(Participant, Experiment_Duration) |>
  head(5) 

Task Duration

plot_hist <- function(dat) {
  dens <- rbind(
    mutate(bayestestR::estimate_density(filter(dftask, RT1 < 40 & RT2 < 40)$RT1), 
           Phase="Emotional ratings",
           y = y / max(y)),
    mutate(bayestestR::estimate_density(filter(dftask, RT1 < 40 & RT2 < 40)$RT2), 
           Phase="Reality rating",
           y = y / max(y))
  )
  
  dat |> 
    filter(RT1 < 40 & RT2 < 40) |>  # Remove very long RTs
    # mutate(Participant = fct_reorder(Participant, RT1)) |> 
    pivot_longer(cols = c(RT1, RT2), names_to = "Phase", values_to = "RT") |>
    mutate(Phase = ifelse(Phase == "RT1", "Emotional ratings", "Reality rating")) |>
    ggplot(aes(x=RT)) +
    geom_area(data=dens, aes(x=x, y=y, fill=Phase), alpha=0.33, position="identity") +
    geom_density(aes(color=Phase, y=after_stat(scaled)), linewidth=1.5) + 
    scale_x_sqrt(breaks=c(0, 2, 5, 10, 20)) +
    theme_minimal() +
    theme(axis.title.y = element_blank(),
          axis.ticks.y = element_blank(),
          axis.text.y = element_blank(),
          axis.line.y = element_blank()) +
    labs(title = "Distribution of Response Time for each Participant", x="Response time per stimuli (s)") +
    facet_wrap(~Participant, ncol=5, scales="free_y") +
    coord_cartesian(xlim = c(0, 25))
}

1-60

plot_hist(dftask[dftask$Participant %in% df$Participant[1:60], ])

61-120

plot_hist(dftask[dftask$Participant %in% df$Participant[61:120], ])

121-180

plot_hist(dftask[dftask$Participant %in% df$Participant[121:180], ])

181-240

plot_hist(dftask[dftask$Participant %in% df$Participant[181:240], ])

241-300

plot_hist(dftask[dftask$Participant %in% df$Participant[241:264], ])

BAIT Questionnaire Duration

df |>
  mutate(Participant = fct_reorder(Participant, BAIT_Duration),
         Category = ifelse(BAIT_Duration > 5, "extra", "ok"),
         Duration = ifelse(BAIT_Duration > 5, 5, BAIT_Duration),
         Group = ifelse(Participant %in% outliers, "Outlier", "ok")) |>
  ggplot(aes(y = Participant, x = Duration)) +
  geom_point(aes(color = Group, shape = Category)) +
  geom_vline(xintercept = median(df$BAIT_Duration), color = "red", linetype = "dashed") +
  scale_shape_manual(values = c("extra" = 3, ok = 19)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c("Outlier" = "red", ok = "black"), guide="none") +
  guides(color = "none", shape = "none") +
  ggside::geom_xsidedensity(fill = "#9C27B0", color=NA) +
  ggside::scale_xsidey_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
  labs(
    title = "Questionnaire Completion Time",
    x = "Duration (in minutes)",
    y = "Participant"
  )  +
  theme_bw() +
  ggside::theme_ggside_void() +
  theme(ggside.panel.scale = .3,
        panel.border = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks.y = element_blank(),
          axis.text.y = element_blank()) 

Response to Erotic Stimuli

dat <- dftask |> 
  filter(Relevance %in% c("Relevant", "Non-erotic")) |> 
  group_by(Participant, Type) |> 
  summarise(Arousal = mean(Arousal), 
            Valence = mean(Valence),
            Enticement = mean(Enticement),
            .groups = "drop") |>
  pivot_wider(names_from = Type, values_from = all_of(c("Arousal", "Valence", "Enticement"))) |>
  transmute(Participant = Participant,
            Arousal = Arousal_Erotic - `Arousal_Non-erotic`,
            Valence = Valence_Erotic - `Valence_Non-erotic`,
            Enticement = Enticement_Erotic - `Enticement_Non-erotic`) |>
  filter(!is.na(Arousal)) |> 
  mutate(Participant = fct_reorder(Participant, Arousal)) 

dat |> 
  pivot_longer(-Participant) |> 
  mutate(Group = ifelse(Participant %in% outliers, "Outlier", "ok")) |> 
  ggplot(aes(x=value, y=Participant, fill=Group)) +
  geom_bar(aes(fill=value), stat = "identity") +
  scale_fill_gradient2(low = "#3F51B5", mid = "#FF9800", high = "#4CAF50", midpoint = 0) +
  # scale_fill_manual(values = c("Outlier" = "red", ok = "black"), guide="none") +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(axis.text.y = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks.y = element_blank()) +
  labs(title = "Difference between Erotic and Neutral", x="Erotic - Neutral") +
  facet_wrap(~name, ncol=3, scales="free_x")

potentials$emo_diff <- arrange(dat, Arousal) |>
  head(5)

Response Coherence

dat <- dftask |> 
  summarize(cor_ArVal = cor(Arousal, Valence),
            cor_ArEnt = cor(Arousal, Enticement),
            .by="Participant") |>
  mutate(Participant = fct_reorder(Participant, cor_ArVal)) 

dat |>
  pivot_longer(-Participant) |> 
  mutate(Group = ifelse(Participant %in% outliers, "Outlier", "ok")) |> 
  mutate(name = fct_relevel(name, "cor_ArVal", "cor_ArEnt"),
         name = fct_recode(name, "Arousal - Valence" = "cor_ArVal", "Arousal - Enticement" = "cor_ArEnt")) |>
  ggplot(aes(y = Participant, x = value, fill = Group)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
  # scale_fill_gradient2(low = "#3F51B5", mid = "#FF9800", high = "#4CAF50", midpoint = 0) +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("Outlier" = "red", ok = "black"), guide="none") +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(axis.text.y = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks.y = element_blank()) +
  labs(title = "Difference between Erotic and Neutral", x="Erotic - Neutral") +
  facet_wrap(~name, ncol=3, scales="free_x")

potentials$emo_cor <- arrange(dat, cor_ArVal) |>
  head(5)

c(as.character(potentials$expe_duration$Participant), 
  as.character(potentials$emo_diff$Participant), 
  as.character(potentials$emo_cor$Participant)) |> 
  table()

S137 S168 S186 S259 S303 S305 S338 S341 S381 S391 S399 S404 S411 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    2    1    1 

Sexual Profile

Sample

df |>
  ggplot(aes(x = Sex)) +
  geom_bar(aes(fill = SexualOrientation)) +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0), breaks = scales::pretty_breaks()) +
  scale_fill_metro_d() +
  labs(x = "Biological Sex", y = "Number of Participants", title = "Sex and Sexual Orientation", fill = "Sexual Orientation") +
  theme_modern(axis.title.space = 15) +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2), face = "bold", hjust = 0),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = rel(1.2), vjust = 7),
    axis.text.y = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.text.x = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.title.x = element_blank()
  )

We removed 10 participants that were incompatible with further analysis.

df <- filter(df, Sex != "Other" & SexualOrientation != "Other")
dftask <- filter(dftask, Participant %in% df$Participant)

Task Behaviour

show_distribution <- function(dftask, target="Arousal") {
  dftask |> 
    filter(SexualOrientation %in% c("Heterosexual", "Bisexual", "Homosexual")) |>
    bayestestR::estimate_density(select=target, 
                                 at=c("Relevance", "Category", "Sex", "SexualOrientation"), 
                                 method="KernSmooth") |>
    ggplot(aes(x = x, y = y)) +
    geom_line(aes(color = Relevance, linetype = Category), linewidth=1) +
    facet_grid(SexualOrientation~Sex, scales="free_y")  +
    scale_color_manual(values = c("Relevant" = "red", "Non-erotic" = "blue", "Irrelevant"="darkorange")) +
    scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
    scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
    theme_minimal()  +
    theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
          axis.title.y = element_blank(),
          axis.text.y = element_blank(),
          plot.title = element_text(face="bold")) +
    labs(title = target) 
}

(show_distribution(dftask, "Arousal") | show_distribution(dftask, "Valence")) /
  (show_distribution(dftask, "Enticement") | show_distribution(dftask, "Realness")) +
  patchwork::plot_layout(guides = "collect") +
  patchwork::plot_annotation(title = "Distribution of Appraisals depending on the Sexual Profile",
                             theme = theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, face="bold"))) 

We kept only heterosexual participants (79.84%).

df <- filter(df, SexualOrientation == "Heterosexual")
dftask <- filter(dftask, Participant %in% df$Participant)

Final Sample

df <- filter(df, !Participant %in% outliers)
dftask <- filter(dftask, Participant %in% df$Participant)

Summary

The final sample includes 206 participants (Mean age = 37.9, SD = 13.5, range: [18, 80]; Sex: 16.5% females, 83.5% males, 0.0% other; Education: Bachelor, 34.95%; Doctorate, 8.74%; High School, 19.42%; Master, 34.95%; Other, 1.46%; Primary School, 0.49%; Country: 26.70% USA, 16.50% France, 12.14% UK, 44.66% other).

Origin

p_country <- dplyr::select(df, region = Country) |>
  group_by(region) |>
  summarize(n = n()) |>
  right_join(map_data("world"), by = "region") |>
  ggplot(aes(long, lat, group = group)) +
  geom_polygon(aes(fill = n)) +
  scale_fill_gradientn(colors = c("#FFEB3B", "red", "purple")) +
  labs(fill = "N") +
  theme_void() +
  labs(title = "A Geographically Diverse Sample", subtitle = "Number of participants by country")  +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2), face = "bold", hjust = 0),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = rel(1.2))
  )
p_country

ggwaffle::waffle_iron(df, ggwaffle::aes_d(group = Ethnicity), rows=10) |> 
  ggplot(aes(x, y, fill = group)) + 
  ggwaffle::geom_waffle() + 
  coord_equal() + 
  scale_fill_flat_d() + 
  ggwaffle::theme_waffle() +
  labs(title = "Self-reported Ethnicity", subtitle = "Each square represents a participant", fill="")  +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2), face = "bold", hjust = 0),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = rel(1.2)),
    axis.title.x = element_blank(),
    axis.title.y = element_blank()
  )

Warning: Using the `size` aesthetic in this geom was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
ℹ Please use `linewidth` in the `default_aes` field and elsewhere instead.

Age

p_age <- estimate_density(df$Age) |>
  normalize(select = y) |> 
  mutate(y = y * 86) |>  # To match the binwidth
  ggplot(aes(x = x)) +
  geom_histogram(data=df, aes(x = Age), fill = "#616161", bins=28) +
  # geom_line(aes(y = y), color = "orange", linewidth=2) +
  geom_vline(xintercept = mean(df$Age), color = "red", linewidth=1.5) +
  # geom_label(data = data.frame(x = mean(df$Age) * 1.15, y = 0.95 * 75), aes(y = y), color = "red", label = paste0("Mean = ", format_value(mean(df$Age)))) +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
  labs(title = "Age", y = "Number of Participants", color = NULL, subtitle = "Distribution of participants' age") +
  theme_modern(axis.title.space = 10) +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2), face = "bold", hjust = 0),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = rel(1.2), vjust = 7),
    axis.text.y = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.text.x = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.title.x = element_blank()
  )
p_age

Education

p_edu <- df |>
  mutate(Education = fct_relevel(Education, "Other", "Primary School", "High School", "Bachelor", "Master", "Doctorate")) |> 
  ggplot(aes(x = Education)) +
  geom_bar(aes(fill = Education)) +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0), breaks= scales::pretty_breaks()) +
  scale_fill_viridis_d(guide = "none") +
  labs(title = "Education", y = "Number of Participants", subtitle = "Participants per achieved education level") +
  theme_modern(axis.title.space = 15) +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2), face = "bold", hjust = 0),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = rel(1.2), vjust = 7),
    axis.text.y = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.text.x = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.title.x = element_blank()
  )
p_edu

Sex

Birth Control

colors <- c(
  "NA" = "#2196F3", "None" = "#E91E63", "Condoms (for partner)" = "#9C27B0",
  "Combined pills" = "#FF9800", "Intrauterine Device (IUD)" = "#FF5722", 
  "Intrauterine System (IUS)" = "#795548", "Progestogen pills" = "#4CAF50",
  "Other" = "#FFC107", "Condoms (female)" = "#607D8B"
)
colors <- colors[names(colors) %in% c("NA", df$BirthControl)]

p_sex <- df |>
  mutate(BirthControl = ifelse(Sex == "Male", "NA", BirthControl),
         BirthControl = fct_relevel(BirthControl, names(colors))) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = Sex)) +
  geom_bar(aes(fill = BirthControl)) +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0), breaks = scales::pretty_breaks()) +
  scale_fill_manual(
    values = colors,
    breaks = names(colors)[2:length(colors)]
  ) +
  labs(x = "Biological Sex", y = "Number of Participants", title = "Sex and Birth Control Method", fill = "Birth Control") +
  theme_modern(axis.title.space = 15) +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2), face = "bold", hjust = 0),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = rel(1.2), vjust = 7),
    axis.text.y = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.text.x = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.title.x = element_blank()
  )
p_sex

Sexual Profile

p_sexprofile <- df |>
  select(Participant, Sex, SexualOrientation, SexualActivity, COPS_Duration_1, COPS_Frequency_2) |> 
  pivot_longer(-all_of(c("Participant", "Sex"))) |> 
  mutate(name = str_replace_all(name, "SexualOrientation", "Sexual Orientation"),
         name = str_replace_all(name, "SexualActivity", "Sexual Activity"),
         name = str_replace_all(name, "COPS_Duration_1", "Pornography Usage (Duration)"),
         name = str_replace_all(name, "COPS_Frequency_2", "Pornography Usage (Frequency)")) |> 
  ggplot(aes(x = value, fill=Sex)) +
  geom_bar() +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0), breaks= scales::pretty_breaks()) +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("Male"= "#64B5F6", "Female"= "#F06292")) +
  labs(title = "Sexual Profile of Participants") +
  theme_modern(axis.title.space = 15) +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2), face = "bold", hjust = 0),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = rel(1.2), vjust = 7),
    axis.text.y = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.text.x = element_text(size = rel(1.1), angle = 45, hjust = 1),
    axis.title.x = element_blank(),
    axis.title.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  facet_wrap(~name, scales = "free")
p_sexprofile

Expertise

p_language <- df |>
  ggplot(aes(x = Language_Level)) +
  geom_bar() +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0), breaks= scales::pretty_breaks()) +
  labs(x = "Level", y = "Number of Participants", title = "Language Level") +
  theme_modern(axis.title.space = 15) +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2), face = "bold", hjust = 0),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = rel(1.2), vjust = 7),
    axis.text.y = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.text.x = element_text(size = rel(1.1))
  )

p_expertise <- df |>
  ggplot(aes(x = AI_Knowledge)) +
  geom_bar() +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0), breaks= scales::pretty_breaks()) +
  labs(x = "Level", y = "Number of Participants", title = "AI-Expertise") +
  theme_modern(axis.title.space = 15) +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1.2), face = "bold", hjust = 0),
    plot.subtitle = element_text(size = rel(1.2), vjust = 7),
    axis.text.y = element_text(size = rel(1.1)),
    axis.text.x = element_text(size = rel(1.1))
  )

p_language | p_expertise

p_country /
  (p_age + p_edu)

Beliefs about Artificial Information Technology (BAIT)

This section pertains to the validation of the BAIT scale measuring beliefs and expectations about artificial creations.

Factor Analyis

Exploratory Factor Analysis

bait <- df |> 
  select(starts_with("BAIT_"), -BAIT_Duration) |> 
  rename_with(function(x) gsub("BAIT_\\d_", "", x))


cor <- correlation::correlation(bait, redundant = TRUE) |> 
  correlation::cor_sort() |> 
  correlation::cor_lower()

clean_labels <- function(x) {
  x <- str_remove_all(x, "BAIT_") |> 
    str_replace_all("_", " - ")
}

cor |> 
  mutate(val = paste0(insight::format_value(r), format_p(p, stars_only=TRUE))) |>
  mutate(Parameter2 = fct_rev(Parameter2)) |>
  mutate(Parameter1 = fct_relabel(Parameter1, clean_labels),
         Parameter2 = fct_relabel(Parameter2, clean_labels)) |> 
  ggplot(aes(x=Parameter1, y=Parameter2)) +
  geom_tile(aes(fill = r), color = "white") +
  geom_text(aes(label = val), size = 3) +
  labs(title = "Correlation Matrix",
       subtitle = "Beliefs about Artificial Information Technology (BAIT)") +
  scale_fill_gradient2(
    low = "#2196F3",
    mid = "white",
    high = "#F44336",
    breaks = c(-1, 0, 1),
    guide = guide_colourbar(ticks=FALSE),
    midpoint = 0,
    na.value = "grey85",
    limit = c(-1, 1))  + 
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(legend.title = element_blank(),
        axis.title.x = element_blank(),
        axis.title.y = element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))

n <- parameters::n_factors(bait, package = "nFactors")
plot(n)

efa <- parameters::factor_analysis(bait, cor=cor(bait), n=2, rotation = "oblimin", sort=TRUE, scores="tenBerge", fm="ml")
plot(efa)

display(efa)

Rotated loadings from Factor Analysis (oblimin-rotation)

Variable	ML2	ML1	Complexity	Uniqueness
TextRealistic	0.80	-0.06	1.01	0.38
TextIssues	-0.65	0.04	1.01	0.59
ImitatingReality	0.48	0.08	1.05	0.74
ImagesRealistic	0.44	0.19	1.36	0.73
EnvironmentReal	0.42	0.28	1.75	0.69
ImagesIssues	-0.33	6.23e-05	1.00	0.89
VideosIssues	-0.02	0.93	1.00	0.14
VideosRealistic	-0.18	-0.38	1.42	0.79

The 2 latent factors (oblimin rotation) accounted for 38.01% of the total variance of the original data (ML2 = 23.19%, ML1 = 14.82%).

Confirmatory Factor Analysis

m1 <- lavaan::cfa(efa_to_cfa(efa, threshold="max"), data=bait)
m2 <- lavaan::cfa(
  "G =~ ImitatingReality + EnvironmentReal + VideosIssues + TextIssues + VideosRealistic + ImagesRealistic + ImagesIssues + TextRealistic", 
  data=bait)

# bayestestR::bayesfactor_models(m1, m2)
lavaan::anova(m1, m2)

Chi-Squared Difference Test

   Df     AIC     BIC  Chisq Chisq diff   RMSEA Df diff Pr(>Chisq)    
m1 19 -86.463 -29.889 74.016                                          
m2 20 -64.074 -10.828 98.405     24.389 0.33696       1  7.871e-07 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

display(parameters::parameters(m1))

# Loading

Link	Coefficient	SE	95% CI	z	p
ML2 =~ ImagesIssues	1.00	0.00	(1.00, 1.00)		< .001
ML2 =~ TextRealistic	-2.37	0.56	(-3.47, -1.27)	-4.22	< .001
ML2 =~ ImagesRealistic	-1.16	0.30	(-1.73, -0.58)	-3.92	< .001
ML2 =~ TextIssues	1.92	0.47	(0.99, 2.84)	4.06	< .001
ML2 =~ EnvironmentReal	-1.72	0.44	(-2.59, -0.86)	-3.91	< .001
ML2 =~ ImitatingReality	-1.83	0.47	(-2.75, -0.92)	-3.93	< .001
ML1 =~ VideosIssues	1.00	0.00	(1.00, 1.00)		< .001
ML1 =~ VideosRealistic	-1.15	0.39	(-1.91, -0.40)	-2.99	0.003

# Correlation

Link	Coefficient	SE	95% CI	z	p
ML2 ~~ ML1	-5.50e-03	2.16e-03	(-9.73e-03, -1.27e-03)	-2.55	0.011

Graph Analysis

Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) is a recently developed framework for psychometric assessment, that can be used to estimate the number of dimensions in questionnaire data using network estimation methods and community detection algorithms, and assess the stability of dimensions and items using bootstrapping.

Unique Variable Analysis (UVA)

Unique Variable Analysis (Christensen, Garrido, & Golino, 2023) uses the weighted topological overlap measure (Nowick et al., 2009) on an estimated network. Values greater than 0.25 are determined to have considerable local dependence (i.e., redundancy) that should be handled (variables with the highest maximum weighted topological overlap to all other variables (other than the one it is redundant with) should be removed).

uva <- EGAnet::UVA(data = bait, cut.off = 0.3)
uva

Variable pairs with wTO > 0.30 (large-to-very large redundancy)

        node_i     node_j   wto
 TextRealistic TextIssues 0.392

----

Variable pairs with wTO > 0.25 (moderate-to-large redundancy)

----

Variable pairs with wTO > 0.20 (small-to-moderate redundancy)

       node_i          node_j   wto
 VideosIssues VideosRealistic 0.238

uva$keep_remove

$keep
[1] "TextIssues"

$remove
[1] "TextRealistic"

Networks

ega <- list()
for(model in c("glasso", "TMFG")) {
  for(algo in c("walktrap", "louvain")) {
    for(type in c("ega", "ega.fit")) {  # "hierega"
      if(type=="ega.fit" & algo=="louvain") next  # Too slow
      ega[[paste0(model, "_", algo, "_", type)]] <- EGAnet::bootEGA(
        data = bait,
        seed=123,
        model=model,
        algorithm=algo,
        EGA.type=type,
        type="resampling",
        plot.itemStability=FALSE,
        verbose=FALSE)
      }
   }
}

EGAnet::compare.EGA.plots(
  ega$glasso_walktrap_ega, ega$glasso_walktrap_ega.fit,
  ega$glasso_louvain_ega, ega$TMFG_louvain_ega,
  ega$TMFG_walktrap_ega, ega$TMFG_walktrap_ega.fit,
  labels=c("glasso_walktrap_ega", "glasso_walktrap_ega.fit",
           "glasso_louvain_ega", "TMFG_louvain_ega",
           "TMFG_walktrap_ega", "TMFG_walktrap_ega.fit"),
                          rows=3,
  plot.all = FALSE)$all

Structure Stability

Figures shows how often each variable is replicating in their empirical structure across bootstraps.

patchwork::wrap_plots(lapply(ega, plot), nrow = 3)

Final Model

ega <- ega$TMFG_walktrap_ega$EGA
plot(ega)

ega_scores <-  EGAnet::net.scores(bait, ega)$scores$std.scores |> 
  as.data.frame() |> 
  setNames(c("EGA1", "EGA2")) 

Scores

# Merge with data
scores <- lavaan::predict(m1) |> 
  as.data.frame() |> 
  data_rename(c("ML1", "ML2"), c("BAIT_SEM1", "BAIT_SEM2")) |> 
  cbind(ega_scores) |> 
  mutate(Participant = df$Participant) |>
  mutate(BAIT = rowMeans(select(bait, -contains("Videos")), na.rm = TRUE))

df <- full_join(df, scores, by="Participant")

We computed two type of general scores for the BAIT scale, an empirical score based on the average of observed data (of the most loading items) and a model-based score as predicted by the structural model. The first one gives equal weight to all items (and keeps the same [0-1] range), while the second one is based on the factor loadings and the covariance structure.

correlation::cor_test(scores, "BAIT_SEM2", "BAIT") |> 
  plot() +
  ggside::geom_xsidedensity(aes(x=BAIT_SEM2), color="grey", linewidth=1) +
  ggside::geom_ysidedensity(aes(y=BAIT), color="grey", linewidth=1) +
  ggside::scale_xsidey_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
  ggside::scale_ysidex_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
  ggside::theme_ggside_void() +
  theme(ggside.panel.scale = .1) 

While the two correlate substantially, they have different benefits. The empirical score has a more straightforward meaning and is more reproducible (as it is not based on a model fitted on a specific sample), the model-based score takes into account the relative importance of the contribution of each item to their factor.

table <- correlation::correlation(scores) |> 
  summary()

format(table) |> 
  datawizard::data_rename("Parameter", "Variables") |> 
  gt::gt() |> 
  gt::cols_align(align="center") |> 
  gt::tab_options(column_labels.font.weight="bold")

Variables	BAIT	EGA2	EGA1	BAIT_SEM1
BAIT_SEM2	-0.62***	-0.98***	0.04	-0.56***
BAIT_SEM1	0.32***	0.50***	-0.10
EGA1	0.14	-0.02
EGA2	0.63***

Validity

Corrrelation with GAAIS

table <- correlation::correlation(scores, 
                         select(df, starts_with("GAAIS")),
                         bayesian=TRUE) |> 
  summary()

Warning in genhypergeo_series_pos(U = c((n - 1)/2, (n - 1)/2), L = ((n + :
Series not converged.

format(table) |> 
  datawizard::data_rename("Parameter", "Variables") |> 
  gt::gt() |> 
  gt::cols_align(align="center") |> 
  gt::tab_options(column_labels.font.weight="bold")

Variables	GAAIS_Positive_12	GAAIS_Negative_9	GAAIS_Positive_7	GAAIS_Positive_17	GAAIS_Negative_10	GAAIS_Negative_15
BAIT_SEM2	-0.22***	-0.15*	-0.28***	-0.24***	0.13*	0.09
BAIT_SEM1	-0.06	0.12*	-0.06	0.03	0.05	0.16**
EGA1	-0.02	0.02	-0.02	-0.10	0.08	0.05
EGA2	0.24***	0.15*	0.29***	0.23***	-0.14*	-0.11
BAIT	0.12	0.17**	0.14*	0.23***	0.02	0.03

AI-Expertise

df |> 
  ggplot(aes(x=as.factor(AI_Knowledge), y=BAIT)) +
  geom_boxplot()

# m <- betareg::betareg(BAIT ~ AI_Knowledge, data=df)
m <- lm(BAIT ~ AI_Knowledge, data=df)
# m <- brms::brm(BAIT ~ mo(AI_Knowledge), data=df, algorithm = "meanfield")
# m <- brms::brm(BAIT ~ AI_Knowledge, data=dfsub, algorithm = "meanfield")
display(parameters::parameters(m))

Parameter	Coefficient	SE	95% CI	t(204)	p
(Intercept)	0.54	0.02	(0.49, 0.59)	22.60	< .001
AI Knowledge	0.01	6.24e-03	(-2.84e-04, 0.02)	1.93	0.055

marginaleffects::predictions(m, by=c("AI_Knowledge"), newdata = "marginalmeans") |> 
  as.data.frame() |> 
  ggplot(aes(x=AI_Knowledge, y=estimate)) +
  geom_jitter2(data=df, aes(y=BAIT), alpha=0.2, width=0.1) +
  geom_line(aes(group=1), position = position_dodge(width=0.2)) +
  geom_pointrange(aes(ymin = conf.low, ymax=conf.high), position = position_dodge(width=0.2)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(x = "AI-Knowledge", y="BAIT Score")

Gender and Age

# m <- betareg::betareg(BAIT ~ Sex / Age, data=df, na.action=na.omit)
m <- lm(BAIT ~ Sex / Age, data=df)
display(parameters::parameters(m))

Parameter	Coefficient	SE	95% CI	t(202)	p
(Intercept)	0.62	0.05	(0.53, 0.71)	13.58	< .001
Sex (Male)	-0.03	0.05	(-0.13, 0.07)	-0.59	0.557
Sex (Female) × Age	1.18e-04	1.29e-03	(-2.43e-03, 2.67e-03)	0.09	0.927
Sex (Male) × Age	-2.70e-04	6.18e-04	(-1.49e-03, 9.48e-04)	-0.44	0.663

Belief in the Instructions

glm(Feedback_LabelsIncorrect ~ BAIT * AI_Knowledge, 
    data=mutate(df, Feedback_LabelsIncorrect = ifelse(Feedback_LabelsIncorrect=="True", 1, 0)), 
    family="binomial") |> 
  parameters::parameters() |> 
  display(title="Predicting 'Labels are Incorrect'")

Predicting ‘Labels are Incorrect’

Parameter	Log-Odds	SE	95% CI	z	p
(Intercept)	-0.07	2.62	(-5.24, 5.16)	-0.03	0.978
BAIT	-1.07	4.49	(-10.11, 7.71)	-0.24	0.812
AI Knowledge	0.08	0.69	(-1.30, 1.45)	0.11	0.909
BAIT × AI Knowledge	0.10	1.17	(-2.20, 2.44)	0.08	0.933

glm(Feedback_LabelsReversed ~ BAIT * AI_Knowledge, 
    data=mutate(df, Feedback_LabelsReversed = ifelse(Feedback_LabelsReversed=="True", 1, 0)), 
    family="binomial") |> 
  parameters::parameters() |> 
  display(title="Predicting 'Labels are reversed'")

Predicting ‘Labels are reversed’

Parameter	Log-Odds	SE	95% CI	z	p
(Intercept)	-8.33	4.84	(-18.31, 0.99)	-1.72	0.085
BAIT	9.93	7.71	(-5.54, 25.59)	1.29	0.198
AI Knowledge	1.23	1.28	(-1.29, 3.78)	0.96	0.336
BAIT × AI Knowledge	-2.13	2.06	(-6.24, 1.96)	-1.03	0.303

glm(Feedback_CouldDiscriminate ~ BAIT * AI_Knowledge, 
    data=mutate(df, Feedback_CouldDiscriminate = ifelse(Feedback_CouldDiscriminate=="True", 1, 0)), 
    family="binomial") |> 
  parameters::parameters() |> 
  display(title="Predicting 'Easy to discriminate'")

Predicting ‘Easy to discriminate’

Parameter	Log-Odds	SE	95% CI	z	p
(Intercept)	-3.53	6.98	(-16.14, 10.08)	-0.51	0.613
BAIT	0.49	12.52	(-25.25, 21.42)	0.04	0.969
AI Knowledge	0.74	1.91	(-2.95, 4.14)	0.39	0.699
BAIT × AI Knowledge	-1.36	3.42	(-7.34, 5.28)	-0.40	0.692

glm(Feedback_CouldNotDiscriminate ~ BAIT * AI_Knowledge, 
    data=mutate(df, Feedback_CouldNotDiscriminate = ifelse(Feedback_CouldNotDiscriminate=="True", 1, 0)), 
    family="binomial") |> 
  parameters::parameters() |> 
  display(title="Predicting 'Hard to discriminate'")

Predicting ‘Hard to discriminate’

Parameter	Log-Odds	SE	95% CI	z	p
(Intercept)	-1.22	2.68	(-6.66, 3.98)	-0.46	0.648
BAIT	2.52	4.56	(-6.32, 11.81)	0.55	0.581
AI Knowledge	-0.24	0.72	(-1.66, 1.18)	-0.34	0.733
BAIT × AI Knowledge	0.14	1.20	(-2.27, 2.50)	0.12	0.907

glm(Feedback_Fun ~ BAIT * AI_Knowledge, 
    data=mutate(df, Feedback_Fun = ifelse(Feedback_Fun=="True", 1, 0)), 
    family="binomial") |> 
  parameters::parameters() |> 
  display(title="Predicting 'Fun'")

Predicting ‘Fun’

Parameter	Log-Odds	SE	95% CI	z	p
(Intercept)	-1.82	2.86	(-7.56, 3.71)	-0.64	0.524
BAIT	5.21	4.99	(-4.32, 15.33)	1.04	0.297
AI Knowledge	0.22	0.75	(-1.23, 1.70)	0.30	0.764
BAIT × AI Knowledge	-0.67	1.28	(-3.23, 1.81)	-0.53	0.599

glm(Feedback_Boring ~ BAIT * AI_Knowledge, 
    data=mutate(df, Feedback_Boring = ifelse(Feedback_Boring=="True", 1, 0)), 
    family="binomial") |> 
  parameters::parameters() |> 
  display(title="Predicting 'Boring'")

Predicting ‘Boring’

Parameter	Log-Odds	SE	95% CI	z	p
(Intercept)	-3.53	3.39	(-10.30, 3.06)	-1.04	0.297
BAIT	2.24	5.71	(-9.16, 13.39)	0.39	0.695
AI Knowledge	0.57	0.86	(-1.12, 2.28)	0.66	0.509
BAIT × AI Knowledge	-0.54	1.44	(-3.37, 2.31)	-0.37	0.709

Save

write.csv(df, "../data/data_participants.csv", row.names = FALSE)
write.csv(dftask, "../data/data.csv", row.names = FALSE)